Saussure : Language as social facts

Towards the end of XIX Century – Apparently all seems good that day, and partially still convince for nowadays – Many similarity of language and biology has been rejected, This creates difficult language comprehension as an academic discipline: if language is not a living species, it means that language are an “item” which can be investigate? Common people happy alone that French is something that can be learned, which has a specific device and in same in some cases or similar to english but different in other cases; but if French are an ‘item’ and that item is something strange. Its clear that language is not an concrete object like desk or land called france, You can’t see and hear what it is called French. What you can hear is Gaston The waitress said ” pas si bete…”: you can see a line of letterpress in newspaper “Le Monde”; but how we describe French which right in behind of thousand concrete phenomenom which can be investigate likes two earlier examples? What kind of object language is? Biological paradigm shows connection between speak and French is like connection between certain carrot and carrot species: and it ends with the rejected this Biology Paradigm, This kind of idea is already considered satisfiy – although people only can see or eat carrot, people assess quite important to talking about carrot species and discuss, let’s say, the genetic connection with potato tubers species. but the first time biology has been thrown to the side of the road; The second, people already judged that Paradigm cannot gives an detail answer towards ongoing discussion. in biology, because the species is abstraction, at least the individual species must be a concrete object, so several kinds of object are more easier to taste than carrot, but the linguistic analogy to biological individual is idiolek; and almost all, if its not overall , same abstraction from wide concept about language. we cannot hear Gaston Idiolek as an form; we can just hear kinds of examples idiolek – Comment which he say that he see a tip that we have left, and that idiolek example doesnt have parallels in biology. So even though is not considered as problem by linguist XIX Century, Question ” How understanding form the so-called language or dialect of the underlying reality that can be felt rather than certain utterances? Is still open in that period. People who can answer will satisfy the experts in his period , also these days experts are Swiss scholar: Ferdinand de-Saussure. MONGIN Ferdinand de Saussure , his full name , was born in Geneva in 1857 , the son of the Huguenot families who moved from Lorraine during the French religious wars in the late sixteenth century . Although people now regard as the first Saussure provides a definition of the notion that so-called synchronic linguistics – the study of language support as the system contained in the given time , which is distinguished by historical linguistics ( which to distinguish Saussure called diachronic linguistics ) is for experts contemporaries isthe only approach available for studying that time was – in his lifetime was not meant to make it famous . Saussure got educated as an ancient language , and successfully while still a young man published a book entitled Memoire sur lesysteme primitive dans les langues des Voyelles indo – europeennes ( 1878) . The book was published a few weeks after his birthday XXI : When he was a student in Germany . The book is one of the basic reconstruction of Proto- Indo- European language . Saussure gives Ecole Pratique des Hautes lecture Etudes in Paris from 1881 to 1891, before he returned to teaching in Geneva , all publishing , and almost all the lectures he gave , throughout his more than dealing with historical linguistics synchronic linguistics , with in-depth analysis about the various Indo- European languages ​​and not with the general theory that makes it famous now .In fact , although Saussure produce his work on the theory of general linguistics at about 1890 ( Koerner , 1973: 29 ) , he seems reluctant to give it to someone else , and the story of how his ideas can go into publishing is a strange story . In late 1906 he was asked to take over responsibility in giving lectures on general linguistics and comparative history and languages ​​of the Indo – European from a scholar who has quit his service for 30 years ;Saussure taught the material on the rest of her student days and on the lectures in 1908-1909 and in 1910-1911 . In the first years of Saussure limit at only about historical matters ; but when he gave the two years he was also a brief introduction to post a synchronic linguistics , and the third lecture , the entire semester is used to provide synchronous linguistic theory . Shortly afterward he died , without a chance to publish any material that theory . Some people have been asked to publish , but he always answered that for preparing lecture materials very time-consuming , but two of his colleagues , Charles Bally and Albert Sechehaye decided on a new fabric of the student lecture notes together with notes Saussure left college . The book they produced is called Cours de linguistique gererale ( Saussure 1916) is a medium that can be used by scholars in the world to understand the ideas of Saussure , Saussure and since this document is known as the father of twentieth -century linguist .

About Reported Speech ( Grammar )

Reported speech is the form we use to speak about what others tell us. Think about your day with other friends, co-workers and family. It's quite common to tell others what someone else has told you. Here are a few examples:
Jane: Mary told me she was going to the mall this afternoon to buy some clothes. She said she wanted to get a new dress and a few other things.
Peter: Oh, maybe she'll see Peter. He told me he needed to stop in at computer store to get something fixed.
In this conversation, both Jane and Peter report what their friends have told them about their days. Notice that we commonly use the verbs "say" and "tell" when using the reported speech. However, there are also other reporting verbs used in order to report conversations. Study the examples and rules below to learn how to use the reported speech in everyday conversations. Practice using this form with the reported speech worksheet that provides a quick review and exercise. There's also a reported speech quiz which provides immediate feedback on correct or incorrect answers. Teachers can use this guide on how to teach reported speech for help introducing the reported speech, as well as a reported speech lesson plan and other resources.
Reported speech refers to a sentence reporting what someone has said. It is almost always used in spoken English.

• If the reporting verb (i.e. said) is in the past, the reported clause will be in a past form. This form is usually one step back into the past from the original. For example:
  
  • He said the test was difficult.
  • She said she watched TV every day.
  • Jack said he came to school every day.
• If simple present, present perfect or the future is used in the reporting verb (i.e. says) the tense is retained. For example:
  
  • He says the test is difficult.
  • She has said that she watches TV every day.
  • Jack will say that he comes to school every day.
• If reporting a general truth the present tense will be retained. For example:The teacher said that phrasal verbs are very important.
  

Changing Pronouns and Time Expressions
When changing from direct speech to reported speech, it is often necessary to change the pronouns to match the subject of the sentence.
For example:

• She said, "I want to bring my children." BECOMES She said she wanted to bring her children.
• Jack said, "My wife went with me to the show." BECOMES Jack said his wife had gone with him to the show.

It is also important to change time expressions when referring to present, past or future time to match the moment of speaking.
For example:

• She said, "I want to bring my children tomorrow." BECOMES She said she wanted to bring her children the next day.
• Jack said, "My wife went with me to the show yesterday." BECOMES Jack said his wife had gone with him to the show the day before.

Reported Questions
When reporting questions, it is especially important to pay attention to sentence order. When reporting yes/ no questions connect the reported question using 'if'. When reporting questions using question words (why, where, when, etc.) use the question word.
For example:

• She asked, "Do you want to come with me?" BECOMES She asked me if I wanted to come with her.
• Dave asked, "Where did you go last weekend?" BECOMES Dave asked me where I had gone the previous weekend.
• He asked, "Why are you studying English?" BECOMES She asked me why I was studying English.

The following chart includes sentences changed from quoted speech to reported speech using a past form. NoteSimple past, present perfect, and past perfect allchange to past perfect in the reported form.

Softskill 4sa04 Reported Speech

Re-Softskill from dazzlyn69

Invitation Letter

January 01, 2010

Dear Family and Friends,

We would like to share with you the engagement of our son, Paulo John, to his long-time girlfriend, Pamela Grace Sy. After sharing love-filled dates and meetings within the past few years, Paulo already asked Mela’s hand for marriage. Our son finally wanted to settle down into a family life, and he would like to share that life with Mela. As it turns out, Mela is thinking of the same thing.

They were engaged last November 30, 2009 and they would want to announce it publicly to everyone. In that note, we would love to see you in their engagement party.
 

February 14, 2010 at 4:00 o’clock PM at our home, 823 Youngstown Court, Hemet, CA 92222.

Sincerely yours,

Mr. and Mrs. Robert E. Li

Order Letter

August 6, 2001
Mr. Joey Yasuke
#415 Greenhills Street
San Fernando, Pampanga
Dear Mr. Yasuke:
Will you kindly send me two of the portable lunch boxes – order number 2b36 – as advertised in Daily Inquirer of yesterday, August 5.  Please charge this purchase to my account.
I shall especially appreciate your usual prompt delivery, as I plan to give one of the lunch boxes to my daughter, who is leaving on a vacation within three days.  One is to be delivered to me at my address, above, and the other to 124 Meadow Street, San Juan, Pampanga.
Very truly yours,
Abelina dela Cruz

Application Letter

March 25, 2005

Ms. Rosemarie Norbe
Personnel Manager
Milestone Company
Don Pepe, Balanga City

Dear Ms. Norbe:

Your advertisement in the March 22 issue of the Manila Bulletin calls for an executive secretary who is proficient in communication skills, computer literate, and with pleasing personality.  I sincerely believe that I meet your requirements for the position.

I am Erica J. Navarro,  a graduate of Bachelor of Science, major in Psychology at La Salle University, Manila this March, 28, 2005 as a cum laude.

I consider as my assets: my proficiency in both written and spoken English and Filipino, my computer skills, and my leadership skills which were honed in my capacity as the editor in chief of my school’s student publication and as a Sangguniang Kabataan Chairman of our Barangay.  I am hardworking, efficient, and highly driven, and I am willing to undergo training to further improve my capabilities.

For your perusal and evaluation, I have enclosed my resume which includes my special skills, training and accomplishments and awards as a student, and a photocopy of my official transcript of records for your evaluation.  Should you wish to ask about my personal traits and capabilities, I have also included a list of references for you.

I am very much willing to come over for a personal interview with you anytime during office hours.

Respectfully yours,

Erica J. Navarro

Complaint Letter

65 Market Street
Val Haven, CT 95135 

June 30, 2004

Customer Service
Cool Sports, LLC
8423 Green Terrace Road
Asterville, WA 65435

Dear Sir or Madam:

I have recently ordered a new pair of soccer cleats (item #6542951) from your website on June 21. I received the order on June 26. Unfortunately, when I opened it, I saw that the cleats were used. The cleats had dirt all over it and there was a small tear in front of the part where the left toe would go. My order number is AF26168156.

To resolve the problem, I would like you to credit my account for the amount charged for my cleats; I have already went out and bought a new pair of cleats at my local sporting goods store so sending another would result in me having two pairs of the same cleats.

Than you for taking the time to read this letter. I have been a satisfied customer of your company for many years and this is the first time I have encountered a problem. If you need to contact me, you can reach me at (555) 555-5555.

Sincerely,

Signature

Ken Thomas