Saussure : Language as social facts

Towards the end of XIX Century – Apparently all seems good that day, and partially still convince for nowadays – Many similarity of language and biology has been rejected, This creates difficult language comprehension as an academic discipline: if language is not a living species, it means that language are an “item” which can be investigate? Common people happy alone that French is something that can be learned, which has a specific device and in same in some cases or similar to english but different in other cases; but if French are an ‘item’ and that item is something strange. Its clear that language is not an concrete object like desk or land called france, You can’t see and hear what it is called French. What you can hear is Gaston The waitress said ” pas si bete…”: you can see a line of letterpress in newspaper “Le Monde”; but how we describe French which right in behind of thousand concrete phenomenom which can be investigate likes two earlier examples? What kind of object language is? Biological paradigm shows connection between speak and French is like connection between certain carrot and carrot species: and it ends with the rejected this Biology Paradigm, This kind of idea is already considered satisfiy – although people only can see or eat carrot, people assess quite important to talking about carrot species and discuss, let’s say, the genetic connection with potato tubers species. but the first time biology has been thrown to the side of the road; The second, people already judged that Paradigm cannot gives an detail answer towards ongoing discussion. in biology, because the species is abstraction, at least the individual species must be a concrete object, so several kinds of object are more easier to taste than carrot, but the linguistic analogy to biological individual is idiolek; and almost all, if its not overall , same abstraction from wide concept about language. we cannot hear Gaston Idiolek as an form; we can just hear kinds of examples idiolek – Comment which he say that he see a tip that we have left, and that idiolek example doesnt have parallels in biology. So even though is not considered as problem by linguist XIX Century, Question ” How understanding form the so-called language or dialect of the underlying reality that can be felt rather than certain utterances? Is still open in that period. People who can answer will satisfy the experts in his period , also these days experts are Swiss scholar: Ferdinand de-Saussure. MONGIN Ferdinand de Saussure , his full name , was born in Geneva in 1857 , the son of the Huguenot families who moved from Lorraine during the French religious wars in the late sixteenth century . Although people now regard as the first Saussure provides a definition of the notion that so-called synchronic linguistics – the study of language support as the system contained in the given time , which is distinguished by historical linguistics ( which to distinguish Saussure called diachronic linguistics ) is for experts contemporaries isthe only approach available for studying that time was – in his lifetime was not meant to make it famous . Saussure got educated as an ancient language , and successfully while still a young man published a book entitled Memoire sur lesysteme primitive dans les langues des Voyelles indo – europeennes ( 1878) . The book was published a few weeks after his birthday XXI : When he was a student in Germany . The book is one of the basic reconstruction of Proto- Indo- European language . Saussure gives Ecole Pratique des Hautes lecture Etudes in Paris from 1881 to 1891, before he returned to teaching in Geneva , all publishing , and almost all the lectures he gave , throughout his more than dealing with historical linguistics synchronic linguistics , with in-depth analysis about the various Indo- European languages ​​and not with the general theory that makes it famous now .In fact , although Saussure produce his work on the theory of general linguistics at about 1890 ( Koerner , 1973: 29 ) , he seems reluctant to give it to someone else , and the story of how his ideas can go into publishing is a strange story . In late 1906 he was asked to take over responsibility in giving lectures on general linguistics and comparative history and languages ​​of the Indo – European from a scholar who has quit his service for 30 years ;Saussure taught the material on the rest of her student days and on the lectures in 1908-1909 and in 1910-1911 . In the first years of Saussure limit at only about historical matters ; but when he gave the two years he was also a brief introduction to post a synchronic linguistics , and the third lecture , the entire semester is used to provide synchronous linguistic theory . Shortly afterward he died , without a chance to publish any material that theory . Some people have been asked to publish , but he always answered that for preparing lecture materials very time-consuming , but two of his colleagues , Charles Bally and Albert Sechehaye decided on a new fabric of the student lecture notes together with notes Saussure left college . The book they produced is called Cours de linguistique gererale ( Saussure 1916) is a medium that can be used by scholars in the world to understand the ideas of Saussure , Saussure and since this document is known as the father of twentieth -century linguist .

About Reported Speech ( Grammar )

Reported speech is the form we use to speak about what others tell us. Think about your day with other friends, co-workers and family. It's quite common to tell others what someone else has told you. Here are a few examples:
Jane: Mary told me she was going to the mall this afternoon to buy some clothes. She said she wanted to get a new dress and a few other things.
Peter: Oh, maybe she'll see Peter. He told me he needed to stop in at computer store to get something fixed.
In this conversation, both Jane and Peter report what their friends have told them about their days. Notice that we commonly use the verbs "say" and "tell" when using the reported speech. However, there are also other reporting verbs used in order to report conversations. Study the examples and rules below to learn how to use the reported speech in everyday conversations. Practice using this form with the reported speech worksheet that provides a quick review and exercise. There's also a reported speech quiz which provides immediate feedback on correct or incorrect answers. Teachers can use this guide on how to teach reported speech for help introducing the reported speech, as well as a reported speech lesson plan and other resources.
Reported speech refers to a sentence reporting what someone has said. It is almost always used in spoken English.

• If the reporting verb (i.e. said) is in the past, the reported clause will be in a past form. This form is usually one step back into the past from the original. For example:
  
  • He said the test was difficult.
  • She said she watched TV every day.
  • Jack said he came to school every day.
• If simple present, present perfect or the future is used in the reporting verb (i.e. says) the tense is retained. For example:
  
  • He says the test is difficult.
  • She has said that she watches TV every day.
  • Jack will say that he comes to school every day.
• If reporting a general truth the present tense will be retained. For example:The teacher said that phrasal verbs are very important.
  

Changing Pronouns and Time Expressions
When changing from direct speech to reported speech, it is often necessary to change the pronouns to match the subject of the sentence.
For example:

• She said, "I want to bring my children." BECOMES She said she wanted to bring her children.
• Jack said, "My wife went with me to the show." BECOMES Jack said his wife had gone with him to the show.

It is also important to change time expressions when referring to present, past or future time to match the moment of speaking.
For example:

• She said, "I want to bring my children tomorrow." BECOMES She said she wanted to bring her children the next day.
• Jack said, "My wife went with me to the show yesterday." BECOMES Jack said his wife had gone with him to the show the day before.

Reported Questions
When reporting questions, it is especially important to pay attention to sentence order. When reporting yes/ no questions connect the reported question using 'if'. When reporting questions using question words (why, where, when, etc.) use the question word.
For example:

• She asked, "Do you want to come with me?" BECOMES She asked me if I wanted to come with her.
• Dave asked, "Where did you go last weekend?" BECOMES Dave asked me where I had gone the previous weekend.
• He asked, "Why are you studying English?" BECOMES She asked me why I was studying English.

The following chart includes sentences changed from quoted speech to reported speech using a past form. NoteSimple past, present perfect, and past perfect allchange to past perfect in the reported form.

Softskill 4sa04 Reported Speech

Re-Softskill from dazzlyn69

Invitation Letter

January 01, 2010

Dear Family and Friends,

We would like to share with you the engagement of our son, Paulo John, to his long-time girlfriend, Pamela Grace Sy. After sharing love-filled dates and meetings within the past few years, Paulo already asked Mela’s hand for marriage. Our son finally wanted to settle down into a family life, and he would like to share that life with Mela. As it turns out, Mela is thinking of the same thing.

They were engaged last November 30, 2009 and they would want to announce it publicly to everyone. In that note, we would love to see you in their engagement party.
 

February 14, 2010 at 4:00 o’clock PM at our home, 823 Youngstown Court, Hemet, CA 92222.

Sincerely yours,

Mr. and Mrs. Robert E. Li

Order Letter

August 6, 2001
Mr. Joey Yasuke
#415 Greenhills Street
San Fernando, Pampanga
Dear Mr. Yasuke:
Will you kindly send me two of the portable lunch boxes – order number 2b36 – as advertised in Daily Inquirer of yesterday, August 5.  Please charge this purchase to my account.
I shall especially appreciate your usual prompt delivery, as I plan to give one of the lunch boxes to my daughter, who is leaving on a vacation within three days.  One is to be delivered to me at my address, above, and the other to 124 Meadow Street, San Juan, Pampanga.
Very truly yours,
Abelina dela Cruz

Application Letter

March 25, 2005

Ms. Rosemarie Norbe
Personnel Manager
Milestone Company
Don Pepe, Balanga City

Dear Ms. Norbe:

Your advertisement in the March 22 issue of the Manila Bulletin calls for an executive secretary who is proficient in communication skills, computer literate, and with pleasing personality.  I sincerely believe that I meet your requirements for the position.

I am Erica J. Navarro,  a graduate of Bachelor of Science, major in Psychology at La Salle University, Manila this March, 28, 2005 as a cum laude.

I consider as my assets: my proficiency in both written and spoken English and Filipino, my computer skills, and my leadership skills which were honed in my capacity as the editor in chief of my school’s student publication and as a Sangguniang Kabataan Chairman of our Barangay.  I am hardworking, efficient, and highly driven, and I am willing to undergo training to further improve my capabilities.

For your perusal and evaluation, I have enclosed my resume which includes my special skills, training and accomplishments and awards as a student, and a photocopy of my official transcript of records for your evaluation.  Should you wish to ask about my personal traits and capabilities, I have also included a list of references for you.

I am very much willing to come over for a personal interview with you anytime during office hours.

Respectfully yours,

Erica J. Navarro

Complaint Letter

65 Market Street
Val Haven, CT 95135 

June 30, 2004

Customer Service
Cool Sports, LLC
8423 Green Terrace Road
Asterville, WA 65435

Dear Sir or Madam:

I have recently ordered a new pair of soccer cleats (item #6542951) from your website on June 21. I received the order on June 26. Unfortunately, when I opened it, I saw that the cleats were used. The cleats had dirt all over it and there was a small tear in front of the part where the left toe would go. My order number is AF26168156.

To resolve the problem, I would like you to credit my account for the amount charged for my cleats; I have already went out and bought a new pair of cleats at my local sporting goods store so sending another would result in me having two pairs of the same cleats.

Than you for taking the time to read this letter. I have been a satisfied customer of your company for many years and this is the first time I have encountered a problem. If you need to contact me, you can reach me at (555) 555-5555.

Sincerely,

Signature

Ken Thomas

Memo Letter

To: Mary McGee, Alistair Warwranka, George Lipton
CC: Dorothy Barrie
From: The Boss
Date: June 1, 2006
Re: Need for New Memo Format
I’ve noticed that we don’t seem to be able to communicate important changes, requirements and progress reports throughout the company as effectively as we should. I propose developing one consistent memo format, recognizable by all staff as the official means of communicating company directives.
While I know this seems like a simple solution, I believe it will cut down on needless e-mail, improve universal communication and allow the staff to save necessary information for later referral.
Please talk among yourselves to determine the proper points of memo writing and return the input to me by 12 noon. I will then send out a notice to the entire staff regarding the new memo format.
Thank you for your prompt attention to this.

Inquiry Letter

Layout of Business English Letter

Manor House Hotel(1)

Farnham Green, Warnside, Upminster, UB23.
Tel: 091 8976. Fax: 091 9008. E-mail: manhot@xx.itl www.man.itx

—————————————————————————————————————————————-

15 January 2011(2)

The Sales Manager,
Melody Modes Ltd.,
Carrham, Upminster UE12.(3)

Dear Sir,
Thank you for your letter of 12 January regarding our conference facilities for your sales convention in July this year.(5)
I have pleasure in enclosing our current conference brochure and tariff. You will note that we offer a variety of venues inside the hotel itself, for groups of between 20 and 150 people, with a choice of catering facilities and with or without accommodation. This year we are also able to arrange functions in marquees in the hotel grounds, with a more limited range of catering, but again with or without hotel accommodation.
We have two lecture rooms, with audiovisual equipment – overhead projectors and video and DVD facilities – which might be of interest to you. There are also product display facilities within the hotel.
If you require all or some of your delegates to be accommodated in the hotel, I recommend early booking, as July is one of our peak months. We offer 4-star accommodation, every room with en suite facilities, minibar, television, personal safe, trouser press. We have two restaurants, four bars, a fully equipped gymnasium, and an indoor/outdoor swimming pool.(6)
I look forward to hearing from you further, and I shall be happy to supply any additional information you might require; you will be very welcome to visit the hotel to see for yourself the facilities we offer.(7)

Yours faithfully,

Hector Manning
General Manager(8)

Tugas Softskill 2

this is me when i was in Beach of Ancol, well seems this beach is common to every people in Indonesia except for those who stay in Jakarta, but this beach is absolutely my best place ever. People usually come by here and play some ball in the sand or even swimming, i prefer to sit in side of the beach and enjoy those who play around, wave , and the wind all over the shore. But the bad thing is last time i went there i saw tons of trash around even in the water also swimming around along with the people who swimming but still this beach my 2nd Heaven

Gemscool Arena

ini adalah Gemscool arena (Gemscool adalah salah satu publisher game ternama di Indonesia) . Gemscool arena adalah sebuah cyber cafe yang terletak di daerah Blok M di tempat ini biasanya setiap hari minggu diadakan event berbagai game yang di publish oleh Gemscool seperti foto yang saya ambil di tempat kebetulan saat foto ini di ambil di GArena sedang berlangsung Turnamen tingkat Nasional untuk game Dragon Nest Indonesia dan juga ada beberapa cosplay dari NPC game yang bersangkutan. Saya cukup menyukai tempat ini dengan stage yang lumayan bagus dan Big Screen untuk kerperluan event jika nanti ada event Dragon Nest saya mungkin akan mengunjungi tempat ini lagi

Jurnalistik Opini

Opini tentang adanya Illuminati dalam Kpop

Industri hiburan Korea juga tidak luput dari pengaruh dan simbol2 Illuminati. Karena Illuminati pasti akan segera merangkul semua anak muda yang berbakat. Just like Gaga or Beyonce or Boa..
Korea dan K-Pop atau dramanya sekarang sedang menguasai dunia, jangankan Asia. Eropa, Amerika bahkan Iran-Irak dan Turki juga tergila2 dengan K-Pop atau drama Korea. Mereka akan dengan mudah menjadi alat Illuminati untuk menyebarkan pengaruhnya.
Hampir semua anak muda dunia merasa kalau penampilan K-Pop itu cool, keren, hebat, sexy dll. Mereka jadi ikut-ikutan gaya baju, gerakan tangan, mengenakan simbol2 yang digunakan artis2 K-Pop tanpa tahu apa arti dibalik simbol2 itu. Tanpa sadar kalau sebenarnya sudah ikut menyebarkan gerakan Illuminati.

Menurut saya semua issue tentang adanya illuminati dalam sebuah musik bukan hanya KPop sekalipun, mungkin memang benar adanya tetapi secara logika setiap orang mempunyai selera musik yang beragam mereka mendengarkan musik untuk relaksasi, atau memang menikmati lagu dari satu penyanyi atau band lalu  mereka akan mengidolakan, jika memang ada unsur illuminati seperti yang kadang terdengar, saya akui saya sebagai penggemar Kpop memang ada seperti barang barang yang berhubungan dengan illuminati dalam sebuah video musik Kpop namun saya mengidolakan Korean Pop bukan karena ada illuminati tetapi memang saya menyukai musik Kpop jadi jika memang ada unsur tersebut bukan berarti saya juga ingin menjadi anggota tersebut. Dan menurut saya kabar yang terkesan dibesarkan seperti kesan nya hanya ingin menjatuhkan nama Korean pop tersebut yang menurut saya sangat USELESS di mata KPoper ( penggemar Kpop) seperti saya.

Kode Etik Jurnalistik UU pers no 40 tahun 1999

UNDANG-UNDANG REPUBLIK INDONESIA NOMOR 40 TAHUN 1999 TENTANG PERS DENGAN RAHMAT TUHAN YANG MAHA ESA PRESIDEN REPUBLIK INDONESIA Menimbang : bahwa kemerdekaan pers merupakan salah satu wujud kedaulatan rakyat dan menjadi unsur yang sangat penting untuk menciptakan kehidupan bermasyarakat, berbangsa dan bernegara yang demokratis, sehingga kemerdekaan mengeluarkan pikiran dan pendapata sebagaimana tercantum dalam Pasal 28 Undang-undang Dasar 1945 harus dijamin; bahwa dalam kehidupan bermasyarakat, berbangsa, dan bernegara yang demokratis, kemerdekaan menyatakan pikiran dan pendapat sesuai dengan hati nurani dan hak memperoleh informasi, merupakan hak asasi manusia yang sangat hakiki, yang diperlukan untuk menegakkan keadilan dan kebenaran, memajukan kesejateraan umum, dan mencerdaskan kehidupan bangsa; bahwa pers nasional sebagai wahana komunikasi massa, penyebar informasi, dan pembentuk opini harus dapat melaksanakan asas, fungsi, hak, kewajiban, dan peranannya dengan sebaik-baiknya berdasarkan kemerdekaan pers yang profesional, sehingga harus mendapat jaminan dan perlindungan hukum, serta bebas dari campur tangan dan paksaan dari manapun; bahwa pers nasional berperan ikut menjaga ketertiban dunia yang berdasarkan kemerdekaan, perdamaian abadi dan keadilan sosial; bahwa Undang-undang Nomor 11 Tahun 1966 tentang Ketentuan-ketentuan Pokok Pers sebagaimana telah diubah dengan Undang-undang Nomor 4 Tahun 1967 dan diubah dengan Undang-undang Nomor 21 Tahun 1982 sudah tidak sesuai dengan tuntutan perkembangan zaman; bahwa berdasarkan pertimbangan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam huruf a, b, c, d, dan e, perlu dibentuk Undang-undang tentang Pers; Mengingat : Pasal 5 ayat (1), Pasal 20 ayat (1), Pasal 27, dan Pasal 28 Undang-undang Dasar 1945; Ketetapan Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat Republik Indonesia Nomor XVII/MPR/1998 tentang Hak Asasi Manusia; Dengan persetujuan DEWAN PERWAKILAN RAKYAT REPUBLIK INDONESIA MEMUTUSKAN : Menetapkan : UNDANG-UNDANG TENTANG PERS. BAB I KETENTUAN UMUM Pasal 1 Dalam Undang-undang ini, yang dimaksud dengan : Pers adalah lembaga sosial dan wahana komunikasi massa yang melaksanakan kegiatan jurnalistik meliputi mencari, memperoleh, memiliki, menyimpan, mengolah, dan menyampaikan informasi baik dalam bentuk tulisan, suara, gambar, suara dan gambar, serta data dan grafik maupun dalam bentuk lainnya dengan menggunakan media cetak, media elektronik, dan segala jenis saluran yang tersedia. Perusahaan pers adalah badan hukum Indonesia yang menyelenggarakan usaha pers meliputi perusahaan media cetak, media elektronik, dan kantor berita, serta perusahaan media lainnya yang secara khusus menyelenggarakan, menyiarkan, atau menyalurkan informasi. Kantor berita adalah perusahaan pers yang melayani media cetak, media elektronik, atau media lainnya serta masyarakat umum dalam memperoleh informasi. Wartawan adalah orang yang secara teratur melaksanakan kegiatan jurnalistik. Organisasi pers adalah organisasi wartawan dan organisasi perusahaan pers. Pers nasional adalah pers yang diselenggarakan oleh perusahaan pers Indonesia. Pers asing adalah pers yang diselenggarakan oleh perusahaan asing. Penyensoran adalah penghapusan secara paksa sebagian atau seluruh materi informasi yang akan diterbitkan atau disiarkan, atau tindakan teguran atau peringatan yang bersifat mengancam dari pihak manapun, dan atau kewajiban melapor, serta memperoleh izin dari pihak berwajib, dalam pelaksanaan kegiatan jurnalistik. Pembredelan atau pelarangan penyiaran adalah penghentian penerbitan dan peredaran atau penyiaran secara paksa atau melawan hukum. Hak Tolak adalah hak wartawan karena profesinya, untuk menolak mengungkapkan nama dan atau identitas lainnya dari sumber berita yang harus dirahasiakannya. Hak Jawab adalah seseorang atau sekelompok orang untuk memberikan tanggapan atau sanggahan terhadap pemberitaan berupa fakta yang merugikan nama baiknya. Hak Koreksi adalah hak setiap orang untuk mengoreksi atau membetulkan kekeliruan informasi yang diberitakan oleh pers, baik tentang dirinya maupun tentang orang lain. Kewajiban Koreksi adalah keharusan melakukan koreksi atau ralat terhadap suatu informasi, data, fakta, opini, atau gambar yang tidak benar yang telah diberitakan oleh pers yang bersangkutan. Kode Etik Jurnalistik adalah himpunan etika profesi kewartawanan. BAB II ASAS, FUNGSI, HAK, KEWAJIBAN DAN PERANAN PERS Pasal 2 Kemerdekaan pers adalah salah satu wujud kedaulatan rakyat yang berasaskan prinsip-prinsip demokrasi, keadilan, dan supremasi hukum. Pasal 3 Pers nasional mempunyai fungsi sebagai media informasi, pendidikan, hiburan, dan kontrol sosial. Disamping fungsi-fungsi tersebut ayat (1), pers nasional dapat berfungsi sebagai lembaga ekonomi.  Pasal 4 Kemerdekaan pers dijamin sebagai hak asasi warga negara. Terhadap pers nasional tidak dikenakan penyensoran, pembredelan atau pelarangan penyiaran. Untuk menjamin kemerdekaan pers, pers nasional mempunyai hak mencari, memperoleh, dan menyebarluaskan gagasan dan informasi. Dalam mempertanggungjawabkan pemberitaan di depan hukum, wartawan mempunyai Hak Tolak. Pasal 5 Pers nasional berkewajiban memberitakan peristiwa dan opini dengan menghormati norma-norma agama dan rasa kesusilaan masyarakat serta asas praduga tak bersalah. Pers wajib melayani Hak Jawab. Pers wajib melayani Hak Tolak. Pasal 6 Pers nasional melaksanakan peranannya sebagai berikut : memenuhi hak masyarakat untuk mengetahui; menegakkan nilai-nilai dasar demokrasi, mendorong terwujudnya supremasi hukum, dan Hak Asasi Manusia, serta menghormat kebhinekaan; mengembangkan pendapat umum berdasarkan informasi yang tepat, akurat dan benar; melakukan pengawasan, kritik, koreksi, dan saran terhadap hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan kepentingan umum; memperjuangkan keadilan dan kebenaran; BAB III WARTAWAN Pasal 7 Wartawan bebas memilih organisasi wartawan. Wartawan memiliki dan menaati Kode Etik Jurnalistik. Pasal 8 Dalam melaksanakan profesinya wartawan mendapat perlindungan hukum. BAB IV PERUSAHAAN PERS Pasal 9 Setiap warga negara Indonesia dan negara berhak mendirikan perusahaan pers. Setiap perusahaan pers harus berbentuk badan hukum Indonesia. Pasal 10 Perusahaan pers memberikan kesejahteraan kepada wartawan dan karyawan pers dalam bentuk kepemilikan saham dan atau pembagian laba bersih serta bentuk kesejahteraan lainnya. Pasal 11 Penambahan modal asing pada perusahaan pers dilakukan melalui pasar modal. Pasal 12 Perusahaan pers wajib mengumumkan nama, alamt dan penanggung jawab secara terbuka melalui media yang bersangkutan; khusus untuk penerbitan pers ditambah nama dan alamat percetakan. Pasal 13 Perusahaan iklan dilarang memuat iklan : a. yang berakibat merendahkan martabat suatu agama dan atau mengganggu kerukunan hidup antarumat beragama, serta bertentangan dengan rasa kesusilaan masyarakat; b. minuman keras, narkotika, psikotropika, dan zat aditif lainnya sesuai dengan ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku; peragaan wujud rokok dan atau penggunaan rokok. Pasal 14 Untuk mengembangkan pemberitaan ke dalam dan ke luar negeri, setiap warga negara Indonesia dan negara dapat mendirikan kantor berita. BAB V DEWAN PERS Pasal 15 Dalam upaya mengembangkan kemerdekaan pers dan meningkatkan kehidupan pers nasional, dibentuk Dewan Pers yang independen. Dewan Pers melaksanakan fungsi-fungsi sebagai berikut : melindungi kemerdekaan pers dari campur tangan pihak lain; melakukan pengkajian untuk pengembangan kehidupan pers; menetapkan dan mengawasi pelaksanaan Kode Etik Jurnalistik; memberikan pertimbangan dan mengupayakan penyelesaian pengaduan masyarakat atas kasus-kasus yang berhubungan dengan pemberitaan pers; mengembangkan komunikasi antara pers, masyarakat, dan pemerintah; memfasilitasi organisasi-organisasi pers dalam menyusun peraturan-peraturan di bidang pers dan meningkatkan kualitas profesi kewartawanan; mendata perusahaan pers; Anggota Dewan Pers terdiri dari : wartawan yang dipilih oleh organisasi wartawan; pimpinan perusahaan pers yang dipilih oleh organisasi perusahaan pers; tokoh masyarakat, ahli di bidang pers dan atau komunikasi, dan bidang lainnya yang dipilih oleh organisasi wartawan dan organisasi perusahaan pers; Ketua dan Wakil Ketua Dewan Pers dipilih dari dan oleh anggota. Keanggotaan Dewan Pers sebagaimana dimaksud dalam ayat (3) pasal ini ditetapkan dengan Keputusan Presiden. Keanggotaan Dewan Pers berlaku untuk masa tiga tahun dan sesudah itu hanya dapat dipilih kembali untuk satu periode berikutnya. Sumber pembiayaan Dewan Pers berasal dari : organisasi pers; perusahaan pers; bantuan dari negara dan bantuan lain yang tidak mengikat. BAB VI PERS ASING Pasal 16 Peredaran pers asing dan pendirian perwakilan perusahaan pers asing di Indonesia disesuaikan dengan ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku. BAB VII PERAN SERTA MASYARAKAT Pasal 17 Masyarakat dapat melakukan kegiatan untuk mengembangkan kemerdekaan pers dan menjamin hak memperoleh informasi yang diperlukan. Kegiatan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam ayat (1) dapat berupa : Memantau dan melaporkan analisis mengenai pelanggaran hukum, dan kekeliruan teknis pemberitaan yang dilakukan oleh pers; menyampaikan usulan dan saran kepada Dewan Pers dalam rangka menjaga dan meningkatkan kualitas pers nasional. BAB VIII KETENTUAN PIDANA Pasal 18 Setiap orang yang secara melawan hukum dengan sengaja melakukan tindakan yang berakibat menghambat atau menghalangi pelaksanaan ketentuan Pasal 4 ayat (2) dan ayat (3) dipidana dengan pidana penjara paling lama 2 (dua) tahun atau denda paling banyak Rp. 500.000.000,00 (Lima ratus juta rupiah). Perusahaan pers yang melanggar ketentuan Pasal 5 ayat (1) dan ayat (2), serta Pasal 13 dipidana dengan pidana denda paling banyak Rp. 500.000.000,00 (Lima ratus juta rupiah). Perusahaan pers yang melanggar ketentuan Pasal 9 ayat (2) dan Pasal 12 dipidana dengan pidana denda paling banyak Rp. 100.000.000,00 (Seratus juta rupiah). BAB IX KETENTUAN PERALIHAN Pasal 19 Dengan berlakunya undang-undang ini segala peraturan perundang-undangan di bidang pers yang berlaku serta badan atau lembaga yang ada tetap berlaku atau tetap menjalankan fungsinya sepanjang tidak bertentangan atau belum diganti dengan yang baru berdasarkan undang-undang ini. Perusahaan pers yang sudah ada sebelum diundangkannya undang-undang ini, wajib menyesuaikan diri dengan ketentuan undang-undang ini dalam waktu selambat-lambatnya 1 (satu) tahun sejak diundangkannya undang-undang ini. BAB X KETENTUAN PENUTUP Pasal 20 Pada saat undang-undang ini mulai berlaku : Undang-undang Nomor 11 Tahun 1966 tentang Ketentuan-ketentuan Pokok Pers (Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1966 Nomor 40, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 2815) yang telah diubah terakhir dengan Undang-undang Nomor 21 Tahun 1982 tentang Perubahan atas Undang-undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 11 Tahun 1966 tentang Ketentuan-ketentuan Pokok Pers sebagaimana telah diubah dengan Undang-undang Nomor 4 Tahun 1967 (Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1982 Nomor 52, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia); Undang-undang Nomor 4 PNPS Tahun 1963 tentang Pengamanan Terhadap Barang-barang Cetakan yang Isinya Dapat Mengganggu Ketertiban Umum (Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 23, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 2533), Pasal 2 ayat (3) sepanjang menyangkut ketentuan mengenai buletin-buletin, surat-surat kabar harian, majalah-majalah, dan penerbitan-penerbitan berkala; Dinyatakan tidak berlaku. Pasal 21 Undang-undang ini mulai berlaku pada tanggal diundangkan. Agar setiap orang mengetahuinya, memerintahkan pengundangan Undang-undang ini dengan penempatannya dalam Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia. Disahkan di Jakarta Pada tanggal 23 September 1999 PRESIDEN REPUBLIK INDONESIA ttd BACHARUDIN JUSUF HABIBIE Diundangkan di Jakarta Pada tanggal 23 September 1999 MENTERI NEGARA SEKRETARIS NEGARA REPUBLIK INDONESIA, ttd      MULADI Salinan sesuai dengan aslinya. SEKRETARIAT KABINET RI Kepala Biro Peraturan Perundang-undangan II PR Edy Sudibyo

Penjelasan | Regulasi Lain

Glossaries of Tourism part 2 3sa04

51. Mainstream Tourism - Terms commonly but loosely used to refer to popular forms of leisure tourism pioneered in southern Europe, the Caribbean, and North America in the 1960s and 1970s.

52. Market – those consumers who currently are, or potentially may become, purchasers and/or users of a particular individual or group of products services.

53. Market leader – the product which has the largest share of a single market, in other words, it is purchased by more people than any of its competitor products.

54. Market share – the proportion of sales of a particular type of product achieved by an individual product.

55. Marketing mix – the four controllable marketing variables – product, price, place and promotion – which marketers manipulate in order to achieve their marketing objectives.

56. Marketing positioning – the position in the market which a product is perceived to have, in the minds of consumers, in relation to variables such as quality, value for money, and level of service.

57. Marketing research – the process of collecting, recording and analysing market-related information. It includes published or secondary data of specific data or primary research. It is designed specifically to provide data which helps an organization improve the effectiveness of its marketing activities.

58. Mecca - a place that a lot of people visit, because it is famous for something that they want to see or do.

59. Media – this can refer to either the news media or the advertising media, in other words, the media in which advertisements may be placed.

60. Model – a representation that seeks to illustrate and/or explain a phenomenon.

61. Motivation – those factors which make tourists want to purchase a particular product or service.

62. Nature tourism-  Travel to unspoiled places to experience and enjoy nature.

63. Niche marketing – the targeting of a product and service at a particular market segment which is numerically much smaller than the total market.

64. Off-peak – a period when demand for a product or service is habitually lower than at other times which are termed peak periods.

65. Off-site programming - Educational or interpretive activities conducted by agency personnel outside the agency’s unit jurisdictional boundary.

66. On-site Programming - Educational or interpretive activities conducted by agency personnel within agency’s unit jurisdictional boundary.

67. Outbound tourism – tourist trips from one’s own country to a foreign country.

68. Package Tour - A saleable travel product offering an inclusive price with several travel elements that would otherwise be purchased separately. Usually has a predetermined price, length of time and features but can also offer options for separate purchase.

69. Packager - Anyone organizing a tour including prepaid transportation and travel services, usually to more than one destination.

70. Partnership - Two persons who dance together. A relationship between one or more parties involving close cooperation in exercise of specific rights and responsibilities.

71. Perceptions – the subjective interpretation by individuals of the data available to them, which results in them having particular opinions of, and attitudes towards, products, places or organizations.

72. Perishability – a characteristic of tourism products whereby they have very limited lives, after which they no longer exist and have no value. For example, an airline seat is no longer an existing saleable product once the aircraft has departed.

73. Phrase Book - a small book that contains useful words and phrases in a particular foreign language, used especially by tourists.

74. Point of sale – refers to techniques which are used at the point when tourists actually buy products or services to encourage higher sales. This could involve window displays in travel agencies, for example.

75. Postmodernism – a sociological theory that has major implications, if it is a valid theory, for the study of consumer behaviour in tourism. It is based on the idea that in industrialized, developed nations, the basis on which people act as consumers has been transformed in recent years. The theory suggests the traditional boundaries, such as those between high-brow and low-brow culture and up-market and down market leisure activities are becoming blurred and are breaking down.

76. Post-tourist – a tourist who recognizes that there is no such thing as an authentic tourism product or experience. To the post-tourist, tourism is a game and they feel free to move between different type sof apparently totally contrasting holidays, from an eco-tourism trip to Belize one year to a sun, sand, sea and sex trip to Benidorm the next year.

77. Product Extension- An add-on product or service, which enhances the experience of your product and generates additional revenue. Example - A state park that offers guided wildflower tours (for a fee).

78. Product Life Cycle - The cyclical pattern of demand for most products from “new and exciting” to “old and dated.” Almost all products (tourism and otherwise) have these cycles.

79. Product-service mix – the combination of tangible elements and service that is aimed at satisfying the needs of the target market.

80. Promotion – the techniques by which organizations communicate with their customers and seek to persuade them to purchase particular products and services.

81. Psychocentrics – a term coined in 1977 by Plog referring to inwardlooking, low risk-taking, less adventurous tourists.

82. Psychographic – the analysis of people’s lifestyles, perceptions and attitudes as a way of segmenting tourism markets.

83. Purchase decision – the process by which an individual decides whether or not to buy a particular type of product and then which specific brand to purchase.

84. Qualitative research – research which is concerned with customers’ attitudes and opinions which cannot be qualified.

85. Quantitative research – research which is concerned with the statistical data which can be measured and expressed numerically.

86. Reconnaissance - An on-site evaluation of an attraction or destination from the perspective of the customer. Best performed by an outsider who is not familiar with the location and who is trained in fair and scientific methods of evaluation.

87. Repositioning – the process by which organizations attempt to change the consumer’s perceptions of a product or service.

88. Resort - a place that many people go to for a holiday.

89. Seasonality – the distribution over time of total demand for a productor destination, usually expressed in terms of peak and off-peak seasons to distinguish between those times when demand is higher than average and vice versa.

90. Segmentation – the technique of dividing total markets into subgroups whose members share similar characteristics as consumers.

91. Target marketing – marketing activity aimed at a particular group of consumers within the overall total population.

92. Tourist – a consumer of tourism products.

93. Tour Guide - someone whose job it is to show tourists around a place and explain its history, architecture etc.

94. Undifferentiated marketing – a broad-brush approach to marketing in which the market is not subdivided into segments.

95. Up-market – Products aimed at the more expensive, higher status end of the market.

96. Visitor attractions – a single site, unit or entity which motivates people to travel to it to see, experience and participate in what it has to offer. They may be human-made or natural and can be physical entities or special events.

97. Value - The relationship between the benefits associated with a product or service and the costs of obtaining the product or service.

98. Word of mouth – the process whereby consumers who have experienced a product or service pass on their views, both positive and negative, about the product or service to other people.

99. Wayfinding signage -  Signs to aid the public in orienting themselves geographically within a specific location and which identify functional units within the location.

100. Wholesale - Sale of travel products through an intermediary in exchange for a commission or fee generally at reduced tariffs.

 Source : http://www.macmillandictionary.com/thesaurus-category/british/Tourism-and-tourist-attractions / http://www.arizonaguide.com/travel-professionals/tourism-glossary#m / http://www.hotelmule.com/forum/viewthread.php?tid=902

Prepared by : Sandhy,Regie, and Farraby of 3sa05

Glossaries of Tourism Part 1

1. Accreditation is a process of qualifying, endorsing, and "licensing" entities that perform certification of businesses, products, processes, or services.

2. Attraction: Any visitor service or product which tourists would enjoy visiting or using.

3. Attractor: A person who does the attraction

4. Bed and breakfast (B&B): Overnight accommodations usually in a private home or boarding house, often with a full American-style or Continental breakfast included in one rate.

5.Buffet : A foods pot that can contain so many kinds of foods

6. Block: A number of rooms, seats, or space reserved in advance, usually by wholesalers, tour operators, or receptive operators who intend to sell them as components of tour packages.

7. Budgeted balance sheet: A budget that measures total assets and liabilities.

8. Backpacker: A visitor, for the purpose of a holiday or special event, who stays in a backpackers lodge/hostel

9. bias: a display of computer for flight schedule

10. Business travel: Travel for a purpose and to a destination determined by a business, and where all costs are met by that business.

11. cafeteria: a food-service operation of a limited menu, usually for relaxing

12. carrier: transportation company such as an airline, motorcoach, cruise line, or railroad which carries passengers and/or cargo carrying capacity: the amount of tourism a destination can handle

13. Charter: a service to hire the exclusive use of any aircraft, or other vehicle.

14. Community is people living in one place

15. common carrier: a privately owned carrier which offers transportation for a fee

16. Consolidator: A person or company which forms groups to travel on air charters or at group people on scheduled flights to increase sales,

17. conditions: the section or clause of a transportation/tour contract which specifies what is not included

18. Conservation: The protection and maintenance of nature while allowing for its ecologically sustainable use.

19. culture: people's customs, clothing, food, houses, language, dancing, music, drama, literature and religion

20. Customer: An organization or a person that receives a product

21. Day visitors: Visitors who come and gone in 1 day

22. Degradation: Any decline in the quality of natural or cultural resources, or the viability of ecosystems, that is caused directly or indirectly by humans.

23. Demands: A consumer’s wants backed by the ability to purchase

24. Departure point: The location or destination from which a tour usually begins

25. Departure tax: Fee collected from a traveler by the host  at the time of departure.

26. Ecotour: A tour that created for enjoy environment

27. Educational tour: A tour designed around an educational activity, such as studying art.

28. Escort: A person, usually employed by a tour operator, who accompanies a tour from departure

29. Full house: A hotel with all guest rooms occupied.

30. Function room: A special room that is used primarily for private parties, banquets, and meetings. Also called banquet rooms.

31. Gateway: City, airport, or area from which a flight or tour departs.

32. Ground operator: A company that provides local travel services, including transportation or guide services.

33. Group tour: A travel package for an assembly of travelers that has a common itinerary, travel date, and transportation

34. Hospitality: A general term used in travel & tourism describing the “hospitality industry

35. Hotel Package: A package offered by a hotel, sometimes consisting of no more than a room and breakfast; sometimes, especially at resort hotels, consisting of (ground) transportation, room, meals, sports facilities and other components.

36. Incentive tour: A trip offered as a prize, usually by a company to stimulate employee sales or productivity.

37. Inquiry: A request for more information about an attraction or destination.

38. Infrastructure: Construction needed to support economic development.

39. Innovative best practice: A practice that is considered to be of the highest quality, excellence, or standing – a leader in the field.

40. Intangibility: The characteristic of not being touchable: a good is tangible whereas a service is intangible

41. intermediate carrier: a carrier that transports a passenger or piece of baggage as part of an inter-line movement, but on which neither the point of origin or destination is located

42. land operator: a company that provides local services, see also ground/receptive operator

43. lead time: advance time between initiating a tour and its departure date

44. Leadership: Influencing and directing the performance of group members towards the achievement of organisational goals

45. Length of stay: the duration of tourist who stay at hotel or inn

46. letter of agreement: a letter from the buyer to the supplier accepting the terms of the proposal. This may also be the supplier s initial proposal that has been initialed by the buyer

47. load factor: average number of seats occupied, e.g. motorcoach or air

48. local: belonging to a particular place or region

49.low season: that time of the year at any given destination when tourist traffic, and often rates, are at their lowest. Also referred to as off-peak or off-season.

50. Leisure travel: Travel undertaken for pleasure and unrelated to paid work time.

Source : http://www.arizonaguide.com/travel-professionals/tourism-glossary / http://www.gdrc.org/uem/eco-tour/t-glossary.html and some from myself :D

Prepared by : Sandhy,Regie,and Farabby of 3sao5